Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence Whats the Difference

The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence proposes that there are two distinct kinds of intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and solve problems in unique and novel situations, while crystallized intelligence refers to the ability to use knowledge acquired through past learning or experience. The theory was first  proposed by psychologist Raymond B. Cattell and developed further with John Horn. Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence The theory contends that there are two distinct types of intelligence. It challenges, and extends, the concept of g, or generalized intelligence factor.Fluid intelligence is the ability to use logic and solve problems in new or novel situations without reference to pre-existing knowledge.Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use knowledge that was previously acquired through education and experience.Fluid intelligence declines with age, while crystallized intelligence is maintained or improved. Origin of the Theory The theory of fluid intelligence challenges the idea of generalized intelligence factor (known as g), which contends that intelligence is a single construct. Instead, Cattell contended that there are two independent intelligence factors: â€Å"fluid† or gf  intelligence, and crystallized† or gc intelligence. As he explained in his 1987 book Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth, and Action, Cattell referred to the ability to reason as fluid intelligence because it â€Å"has the ‘fluid quality of being directable to almost any problem.† He referred to knowledge acquisition as crystalized intelligence because it â€Å"is invested in the particular areas of crystallized skills which can be upset individually without affecting the others.† Fluid Intelligence Fluid intelligence  refers to the  ability to reason, analyze, and solve problems. When we  use fluid intelligence, we aren’t relying on any pre-existing knowledge. Instead, we are using logic, pattern recognition, and abstract thinking to solve new problems. We use fluid intelligence when we encounter novel, often nonverbal tasks, such as math problems and puzzles. Fluid intelligence also plays a role in the creative process, as when someone picks up a paintbrush or starts plucking on a piano with no prior training. Fluid intelligence is rooted in physiological functioning. As a result, these abilities start to decline as people age, sometimes starting as early as their 20s. Crystallized Intelligence Crystallized intelligence  refers to  the knowledge you  acquire through experience and education. When you use crystallized intelligence, you reference your pre-existing knowledge: facts, skills, and information you learned in school or from past experience. You utilize crystallized intelligence when you encounter tasks that require the use of previously acquired knowledge, including verbal tests in subjects like reading comprehension or grammar. Given its reliance on the accumulation of knowledge, crystallized intelligence is typically maintained or even increased  throughout ones lifetime. How the Intelligence Types Work Together Although fluid and crystallized intelligence represent  two distinct sets of abilities, they  can and often do work together. For example, when cooking a meal,  you use crystallized intelligence to understand and  follow the instructions in a recipe, and use fluid intelligence when modifying spices and other ingredients to suit your tastes or dietary requirements. Similarly, when taking a math test, the formulas and math knowledge (like the meaning of a plus sign) comes from crystallized intelligence.  The ability to develop a strategy to complete a complicated problem, on the other hand, is the product of fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence is often used when learning new things. When you encounter a new subject, you use your fluid intelligence to understand the material through logical and analysis. Once you understand the material, the information will be incorporated into your long-term memory, where it can  develop into crystallized knowledge. Can Fluid Intelligence Be Improved? While crystalized intelligence improves or remains  stable with age, fluid intelligence is known to decline fairly rapidly after adolescence. Several studies have investigated whether it is possible to improve fluid intelligence. In 2008, psychologist Susanne M. Jaeggi and her colleagues conducted experiments in which four groups of young, healthy participants performed a highly demanding working memory (short-term memory) task  every day. The groups performed the task for  8, 12, 17, or 19 days respectively. The researchers found that participants’ fluid intelligence improved following the training, and that the more training participants underwent, the more their fluid intelligence improved. Their study concluded that fluid intelligence can, in fact, improve through training. Another study using a similar protocol backed up Jaeggi’s results, but  subsequent studies have not replicated the findings, so the results of Jaeggi’s study are still considered controversial. Sources Cattell, Raymond B.  Intelligence: Its Structure, Growth, and Action. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987.Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence† Verywell Mind, 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/fluid-intelligence-vs-crystallized-intelligence-2795004Chooi, Weng-Tink, and Lee A. Thompson. â€Å"Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Intelligence in Healthy Young Adults.† Intelligence, vol. 40, no. 6, 2012, pp. 531-542.  Dixon, Roger A., et al. â€Å"Cognitive Development in Adulthood and Aging.† Handbook of Psychology, vol. 6: Developmental Psychology, edited by Richard M. Lerner, et al., John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2013.Jaeggi, Susanne M., et al. â€Å"Improving Fluid Intelligence with Training on Working Memory.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 19, 2008, pp.6829-6833,  Qiu, Feiyue, et al. â€Å"Study on Improving Fluid Intelligence Through Cognitive Training System Based on Gabor Stimulus.† Proceedings of the 2009 First IEEE International Conference on Information Science and Engineering, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 2009. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5454984/Redick, Thomas S., et al. â€Å"No Evidence of Intelligence Improvement After Working Memory Training: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.† Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 142, no. 2, 2013, pp. 359-379, http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi10.1037%2Fa0029082

The Public School Education System Is Failing Our Youth

Hailey Hunter Professor Graue English Composition I 19th November 2015 The Public School Education System is failing our Youth While in high school, many students complained about standardized testing and how ridiculous it was our education standards were on the line for it. How we never learned anything long enough to remember it. Students are supposed to enjoy learning. Instead students dread their mornings and hours spent in a classroom. Pass the OGT or the new PARCC testing in order to graduate. Being taught at an impossible pace that many cannot remember the information for the next year but instead just remember for the moment. There are teachers who are sitting fancy, but don’t even do their job to the core standards. Looking at a few others who notice these flaws, a source from Sandra Stotsky’s article says: To begin with, education schools supply far too many teachers with an inadequate background in the subjects they are licensed to teach. As one school administrator discovered when she examined her teacher s’ college transcripts while preparing a proposal for a Teaching American History grant, â€Å"fully one third of our middle school social studies teachers had zero hours in college history courses.† Another 53 percent had fewer than ten hours of any college history. (Stotsky 44). Many teachers cannot answer your questions simple or not. They don’t have extensive knowledge to hold onto because of lack of passion or having such a repetitive way of teachingShow MoreRelatedThe Public School Education System Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagespoverty. With catholic and private schools being expensive, people have to rely on the education system to provide their children with a good education. In this paper I will be discussing the public school education system rangin g solely up to high school in Brooklyn New York and giving a general idea of the New York education system as well. 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Blackfish and Consider the Lobster Documentaries Essay Example For Students

Blackfish and Consider the Lobster Documentaries Essay The documentary Blackfish directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite, leaves the viewer with many different emotions. This documentary follows the life of Tilikum, a captured killer whale who is forced to preform for SeaLand. The director uses different interviews from people who have worked with Tilikum or have seen him attack people during the shows. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, has said that swimming with and training killer whales is not safe at all and should not be done. They believe it is a very high risk to the human working with the whale. In Blackfish, one person shows a whole different side to their job and brings out all his emotions. This person would be John Crowe, a diver whose job was to capture orcas. He would do his job everyday capturing the whales and taking the babies from their mothers. Crowe says, â€Å"you understand then what youre doing, I lost it, I started crying, I didn’t stop working, I couldn’t handle, its like kidnapping a little kid away from it’s mother† (Blackfish). Crowe is explaining that while they were capturing these baby whales and hearing them cry for their mothers is when they you finally realize what youre doing to them. Cowperthwaite does a good job picking Crowe to be interviewed. Looking at Crowe the viewer would not expect him to get emotional; he looks like a very rough person with a long beard and tattoos. When the viewer starts to see him get emotional and cry they begin to feel emotional too. This director uses the strategy of emotional interviews t o get emotion from the audience. This creates a picture in the viewer’s mind of the crying whales, which is purposely done by the director to get emotion out of the audience. Another thing the director does is uses sad music in the background, which gets the person feeling sad to begin with. The music makes the premise for many movies. Using sad music gets the person already feeling emotional and is put there purposely to do that. Similar, but slightly different to Blackfish, Consider the Lobster, by David Foster Wallace he also creates a picture in the readers mind to get them to show emotion. At one part of the story he intricately describes the boiling of a lobster. He says, â€Å"If youre tilting it from a container into the steaming kettle, the lobster will sometimes try to cling to the containers sides or even to hook its claws over the kettles rim like a person trying to keep from going over the edge of a roof† (Wallace 3). What Wallace is trying to do is show you how these lobsters are being tortured and killed for a human’s needs. He is creating the picture of the lobster clinging to the side of the pot trying not to die, and comparing it to a person holding onto a roof trying not to fall to their death. The way he compares the lobster with a human makes the reader feel as though the lobster has feelings like a human. This gets the reader to feel emotion for the lobster like they would f or a person. Both Blackfish and Consider the Lobster the author/director creates this horrible picture in the reader/viewers minds to make them feel strong emotion for the characters. The director Cowperthwaite, from Blackfish uses different strategies to show that she is credible and her information is reliable. First she uses interviews from people who actually worked with Tilikum and at both SeaLand and SeaWorld. She also uses interviews from people who have seen this killer whale attack trainers during a show. Cowperthwaite gives both these parties the same fairness in what they are saying. She doesn’t treat one better than the other. At one point it was said that no one knew for sure that it really was Tilikum who had attacked the trainer at SeaLand. The witness clearly states that, â€Å"yes it was the large whale Tilikum, the large whale that went after her†¦ we knew it was that whale because he had the flopped over fin, it was very easy to tell† (Blackfish). The director chooses very carefully to let the witnesses answer this question to tell everyone that it was Tilikum. This shows the audience that they must be right, especially becaus e they gave a specific example on how they knew it was that specific killer whale. Also they use the experts from OSHA to tell you how dangerous this job is and how it should not be done. These experts know what they are talking about and OSHA is a very known company, which makes the viewer feel comfortable that they know what they are talking about. .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .postImageUrl , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:hover , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:visited , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:active { border:0!important; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:active , .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85 .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f7a762325baccbbd74fbe99ca538c85:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Serial Killers And Society EssayIn Consider the Lobster, Wallace makes the audience know that he is plausible in a different way than Blackfish. He shows that he doesn’t force you to give up lobster entirely. Wallace implies towards the end of the story that â€Å"the issue is worth conducting serious moral investigation, even if ones contemplation begets no absolute changes in ones diet† (4). This shows the reader that he’s not trying to force them to give up a food they like, just consider what happens to get you this food. This is different from the way that Blackfish uses interviews. Wallace just talks about his opinion and his facts, not talking t o other people about the lobsters. In Blackfish, the director will use many techniques to try to convince the audience of what they’re saying. They add a lot of statistics in this movie. It is said that you don’t need any special degrees to train at SeaWorld. The company teaches them, but they show you that this isn’t really safe. They make it seem so hard to become a trainer with killer whales when in reality it takes a â€Å"good swimmer with a good personality† says a former SeaWorld trainer, instead of someone who actually had a degree to work with these delicate animals. The director shows you that SeaWorld and SeaLand will convince you it takes the right trainer to do this job, when really they will hire anyone. The director convinces the audience that it isn’t the trainer that’s done wrong it’s the animal itself. These animals aren’t made to be taken captive and cooped up in small places, they are meant to be free. After watching this documentary almost ev ery single viewer is convinced that by the end. Similar to Blackfish, Wallace uses facts to convince the readers he knows exactly what he’s talking about when it comes to his story. Wallace displays his facts and information in an easy way, so the reader can understand what he’s trying to get across. One example is how he uses scientific evidence on how the brain works in the lobster and gives it human traits, showing the audience how it is similar to them, so they can relate. Both Blackfish and Consider the Lobster use cold hard facts to get their points across to the reader/viewer. They want to convince them that what they are saying is all the truth. If they didn’t deliver this right the person would not even bother listening at all. They would disregard everything they were saying. Whether youre a director or an author you need to be able to get things across to your audience. Both the director of Blackfish and the author of Consider the Lobster did a great job getting the audience to really be pulled in. They both make their audience feel the emotion of pain for these animals and feel how sad it truly is. They also find out the real facts about what happens to both the killer whales and the lobsters. Though not the same thing is happening to both these animals, many members of the audience feel the same way towards them both. Both of these both use real facts to pull their readers/viewers in, knowing that everything they’re saying must be true. Cowperthwaite and Wallace make you feel like you can trust them throughout their whole stories. They make you understand how they feel and gain the audience’s faith from the beginning. Works Cited Cowperthwaite, Gabriela, Manuel V. Oteyza, Eli Despres, Jonathan Ingalls, Christopher Towey, and Jeff Beal. Blackfish. , 2013. David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace Consider the Lobster Bay Back Books/ Little, Brown and Company 2005